英文文法学习笔记（1）不定式

Posted on August 21, 2021 by Alfred Zhao

周末翻箱底的时候意外发现了一套多年前收藏的英语教程，突然想在业余时间能重温下这些最基础的知识并记录笔记。

本篇为第1篇笔记：不定式。

一、经典例句

二、知识点回顾（对应例句编号）

三、例句中文翻译（参考）

一、经典例句

1.1 名词用法

1. It is impossible for me to please everyone at the same time.

2. It is important for all of us to protect the environment.

3. It's dangerous for children to play on the streets.

4. It's very kind of you to see me off.
=> You're very kind to see me off.

5. It was stupid of me to do such a thing.
=> I was stupid to do such a thing.

6. Not to depend on others is the best way to succeed.

7. A doctor's duty is to take care of the patient.
=> A doctor's duty is to take care of sick people.

8. His fault is to talk too much.

9. We decided to put off the meeting.

10. My son needs to see a dentist.

11. Your shoes need washing.

12. I like to eat pizza.
=> I like eating pizza.

13. How to reduce the costs is a big problem.

14. The problem is where to set up the tent.
=> The problem is where we should set up the tent.

15. I didn't know whether to laugh or get angry.
=> I didn't know whether to laugh or whether to get angry.

1.2 形容词用法

16. Amy was the only person to remember my birthday.

17. I didn't have a chance to speak English in Japan.

18. I have to take care of my parents.
=> I have parents to take care of.

19. I want a knife to cut it with.
=> I want to cut it with a knife.

20. I'm looking for someone to help me.
=> I'm looking for someone who will help me.

21. Do you have anything to write with?
=> Do you have anything which I/you can write with?

1.3 副词用法

22. He went to Germany to study music.
=> He went to Germany in order to study music.
=> He went to Germany so as to study music.

23. The window was open a few inches to keep the air circulating.
=> The window was open a few inches in order to keep the air circulating.
=> The window was open a few inches so as to keep the air circulating.

24. I was shocked to see the scene.

25. I could not but laugh to see it.

26. He awoke in the middle of the night and saw him softly go out of the room.
=> He awoke in the middle of the night to see him softly go out of the room.

27. We were separated never to see each other again.

28. The police hurried to the house only to find (that) it was empty.

29. To hear him talk on the phone, you would take him for his brother.
=> If you heard him talk on the phone, you would take hime for his brother.

30. I would give you anything to go to the concert.
=> I would give you anything if I could go to the concert.

31. Poetry is hard to translate.

32. This rule is easy to remember.

33. We are apt to make mistakes.

34. I am ready to help you.

35. He is too ready to suspect anything.

36. I am willing to come with you.
=> I am glad to come with you.

37. He is eager to see you.
=> He hungers for seeing you.

38. It is likely to rain soon.
=> It looks like rain.

39. He is anxious to go abroad.

40. She was kind enough to offer me her seat.
=> She was so kind that She offered me her seat.

41. I have an enough income to support you.
=> I have a sufficient income to support you.

42. This bed is too small for me to sleep in.
=> This bed is so small that I cannot sleep in.
=> This bed is so small that I can't sleep in.

43. I am only too glad to help you.
=> I am very glad to help you.

44. He is not too proud to ask questions of others.

45. He is too wise not to see the reason.
=> He is so wise that he cannot but see the reason.

46. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
=> He was so angry that he was unable to speak.

47. I am not so foolish as to trust him.
=> I am not such a fool as to trust him.

1.4 S + V + O + to V

48. I want you to tell the truth.

49. I didn't expect her to be absent.

50. Please allow me to introduce my wife, Mcdull.

51. Mother did not permit her to go to the movie alone.

52. We believe (that) he is honest.
=> We believe him to be honest.

53. I thought the idea (to be) practical.
=> I thought (that) the idea is practical.

54. The doctor advised him to stop smoking.

55. I persuaded him to go with me.

1.5 S + V + O + V(原形不定词)

56. I felt my heart beat violently.

57. I saw the boy put a chocolate in his pocket.

58. The police officer watched the children cross the road.
=> The children were watched by the police officer to cross the road.

59. The mother made the boy turn off the TV.

60. The teacher let the pupils go home.

61. I got him to repair the radio.

62. Can you help me (to) put up the tent?

63. The teacher make the students try again.
=> The students were made by the teacher to try again.

1.6 S + V + it + C + to V 

64. She found it impossible to understand him.
=> She found that it is impossible to understand him.

65. I think it wrong to tell a lie.
=> I think that it is wrong to tell a lie.

66. I think it careless of you to lose your watch.

67. He makes it a rule to keep good hours.

1.7 seem(happen, appear, prove…) + to V 

68. My dog seems to understand what I say.
=> It seems that my dog understand what I say.
=> It seems that my dog understand what I said.

69. The children appeared to be pleased with their presents.
=> The children appeared pleased with their presents.
=> It appeared that the children were pleased with their presents.

70. I happened to meet one of my friends at the station.
=> It happened that I met one of my friends at the station.

71. The rumor proved(turned out) to be true.
=> It turned out that the rumor was true.

72. You will come to like this town.

1.8 be + to V

73. The meeting is to be held on Wednesday.

74. Rules are to be observed.

75. You are to start as early as possible.

76. Not a cloud was to be seen in the sky.

77. Nobody was to be found on the street.
=> No one was to be found on the street.

78. He was never to see his wife and family again.

79. If you are to succeed, you must work harder.

1.9 不定词的被动语态、进行时、完成式不定词

80. I like to teach.
=> I like to be taught.

81. There is a lot of to do yet.
=> There is a lot of to be done yet.

82. They seem to be waiting for us.

83. The child seems to be sick.
=> It seems that the child is sick.

84. The child seems to have been sick.
=> It seems that the child was sick.
=> It seems that the child has been sick.

85. He seemed to have spent the money.
=> It seemed that he had spent the money.

86. They couldn't have been on strike.

87. Her mom must have been seriously ill then.

88. You should have seen it.

89. You ought to have kept your words.
=> You didn't keep your words.

90. I intended to have written to you.

91. I expected him to have helped me with the work.

1.10 特别注意的不定词用法

92. You don't have to eat it if you don't want to.

93. A: How about coming to our house?
B: I'd like to (come) if I won't be any trouble.

94. I wish to utterly forget my past.

95. She made up her mind never to return.

96. to speak strictly

97. to be frank

98. to begin with

99. to tell the truth

100. to be honest

101. to make matters worse

102. to be sure

103. to be brief

104. to say nothing of 
=> not to speak of 
=> not to mention

105. to do ~ justice

106. to say the least of it 

107. strange to say

108. needless to say

109. so to speak

110. not to say + adj

111. To begin with, I'll tell you about my character.

112. It was very cold, and to make matters worse, it began to rain.

113. He can speak French and German, to say nothing of English.
=> He can speak French and German, not to speak of English.
=> He can speak French and German, not to mention English.

114. It would be foolish, not to say crazy, to say such a thing.

1.11 不定词的惯用表现

115. We had better leave it unsaid.

116. I would rather go with you than stay here alone.

117. He did nothing but eat all day.

118. She desires nothing but to live peacefully.

119. When I heard the news, I couldn't but cry.
When I heard the news, I couldn't help crying.
When I heard the news, I couldn't help but cry.

120. You have only to follow his counsel.
=> All you have to do is to follow his counsel.
=> All you have to do is follow his counsel.

121. My father used to smoke, but now he doesn't.

122. I am used to staying up late at night.

二、知识点回顾（对应例句编号）

2.1 名词用法

1.假主词it, for me。
3.小朋友在街上玩耍很危险。

It's + adj(表人格特质) + of 人 + to V...
  1. see off ； look at
//see off 送行
see off 3种用法{
    see off my uncle
    see my uncle off
    see him off 
}

//look at 看
look at 2种用法{
    look at that girl
    look at her
}

6.不定式的否定形：not + to V
success 成功 n.
succeed 成功 v.

9.decide + to V
put off 推迟，延期

10.need

need + {
    to V
    Ving
}
与like不同，need跟的两种形式不能等价替换，这类词比较少，推荐见一个记忆一个即可。
need + {
    人 need + to V
    物 need + Ving
}

13.how to reduce the costs

疑问词 + to V -> 名词片语

laugh v.
angry adj.
get angry

2.2 形容词用法

  1. take care 小心
    take care of + sb.

  2. with a knife 用刀

  3. 修饰名词的不定式可用关系代词表示，形容词子句（定语从句？）。

2.3 副词用法

22.他去德国学音乐。
in order to
so as to

23.open这里是形容词，开着的。
circulating

  1. 看到这一幕

25.不禁 can not but + V

26.awake -> awoke
他在半夜醒来看见他悄悄走出房间。

27.我们被分开再也无法见到彼此。
表结果，有时会伴随only、never、有【失望】之意。

28.警察赶到那栋房子结果只发现它已经空无一人。
动词后面出现连接词，可以省略。
警察这个团体 The police
警方 police
报警 call the police
一个警察 a policeman
两个警察 two policemen

  1. 假设语气？虚拟语气？ 注意时态哦～ 复习虚拟语气内容.

  2. Poetry 集合名词，代表所有的诗。诗这个东西 is..

  3. [be动词 + 形容词 + 不定式]的惯用表现
    be apt to
    be ready to
    be willing to
    be eager to
    be likely to
    be anxious to

  4. be ready to .. (愿意～； 易于～)
    too .. to .. 起初看成这个句式误解了，汗！

  5. be willing to = be glad to
    will 这种简单的单词反而用法最复杂。
    1）modal助动词，如can、may或will等，和实义动词连用表示可能、许可、意图等
    2）v动词 想要; 希望; 愿意; 喜欢;
    3）n名词 自制力；遗嘱
    4）willing， adj. 愿意; 乐意; 自愿的; 乐于相助的; 积极肯干的;

  6. hunger for + N
    I hunger for you touch.
    He hunger for seeing you.

  7. go abroad 出国
    go abroad for advanced study 出国深造
    go aboard 上船
    on board 入职

  8. enough
    1) adj 形容词
    2) adv 副词
    通过看实际例句，词性代表用法，如果表达很多钱：
    「enough money；money enough；much money」
    可以看到enough的特殊性，用作形容词时，可以在名词前面也可以在后面。

  9. too .. to V （太..而不能..）
    => so .. that + S + cannot
    sleep in the bed. 睡在床上。

  10. only too + happy/glad/pleased(快乐的形容词)
    => very + happy/glad/pleased

  11. not too.. to..
    too.. not to ..
    不用直接记忆，容易混淆，可以使用正负符号快速标示

too .. to ..
+      -
not too.. to..
- +       -
too.. not to ..
+     - -
  1. cannot
can't = cannot  意思“不可以”； 
can not 是另外的意思“可以不”，很少场景用。
  1. so foolish / such a fool
so foolish; adv + adj, eg:very good.
such a fool; adj + n, eg:beatiful girl.
so + 形容词/副词 
=> such(+a) + 名词

VR=原形动词。

2.4 S + V + O + to V

  1. 表希望/期待
    like/want/wish/expect ..

  2. to be absent
    to be adj.

  3. 表许可
    allow/permit

  4. 表思考/认识
    think/believe/consider/find/recognize ..

  5. 表依赖/建议；要求命令等
    tell/advise/order/ask/beg/request/require/force/persuade/get/cause/teach

2.5 S + V + O + V(原形不定词)

  1. A.感官动词之后
    感觉 feel/
    眼睛 see/watch/look at/notice/observe/
    耳朵 hear/listen to

扩展知识：五官包括啥？
中医说的：耳、舌、眼、鼻、口。课上说的：眼、耳、鼻、舌、皮肤。

  1. 主动1、2、3； 被动3、2、1；
    watched
    beV + PP
    时间 被动
    were watched

  2. B.使役动词之后
    叫人工作
    1）make/have/let/bid （使役动词，后面 + 原形不定词）
    2）get + to V （害群之马..就他必须用to V）
    3）help + to V / 原形不定词 （墙头草，加不加to都可以）

  3. 使役动词make在被动语态中，要用to不定词。

2.6 S + V + it + C + to V

  1. 此句型的动词多为 find/think/make 等。

注意，需要记住常用动词的 原形/过去式/过去分词。

2.7 seem(happen, appear, prove…) + to V

  1. what I say 表事实，也可以
    what I said 说过的话

  2. seem(appear) to V ~ / 形容词
    似乎～

  3. happen
    事 + happen + to + 人
    Something happened to him.
    他出事了。

What happened to you?
你怎么了？

to + 人 ，这里的to是介词to
to + V ，这里的to是不定词to

我的一位朋友，两种表达方式：
one of my friends
=> a friend of mine

  1. It turned out that ..
    不能说 It proved that .. prove没有这种用法！

2.8 be + to V

  1. beV + to VR

+ beV + PP
= beV + to + be + PP

注意，英文读音，只重音关键的词。
单词有很多解释，不用死记硬背，用例句论证，联系前后文。

2.9 不定词的被动语态、进行时、完成式不定词

1）不定词的被动态：（80～81）
to be p.p
to be done.

2）不定词的进行式：（82）
to be Ving

3）完成不定式：（83～91）
to have p.p

  1. on strike 罢工

  2. 有责备之意

  3. keep your words 遵守诺言

2.10 特别注意的不定词用法

1）代不定词（92～93）
为了避免相同动词的重复，句意明确时，可以只用to而不用后面的动词原形。这个to就称之为代不定词。

2）分离不定词（94～95）
修饰不定词的副词，放在to和动词之间的就是分离不定词。
但not/never 等常常放在to之前。

3）独立不定词（96～114）
是一种惯用语法，用来修饰整个句子。

2.11 不定词的惯用表现

  1. would rather + 原形不定词 ～ than + 原形不定词
    宁愿 ～ 而不愿 ..
    => would/had sooner + 原形不定词 ～ than + 原形不定词

  2. do nothing but + 原形不定词
    什么都不做，只～

  3. desire

  4. news单数名词
    No news is good news.

  5. have to V
    必须..
    have only to V
    只要..

  6. used to V
    以前习惯，过去经常

  7. be used to doing
    习惯~

三、例句中文翻译（参考）

3.1 名词用法

1. 对我来说在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。

2. 对我们所有人来说保护环境是重要的。

3. 小孩子在街上玩耍很危险。

4. 你真好来为我送行。

5. 我愚蠢到去做出这样的事。

6. 不依赖别人是成功的最佳途径。

7. 医生的职责是照顾病人。

8. 他错在说太多话。

9. 我们决定延后会议。

10. 我的儿子需要看牙医。

11. 你鞋子需要洗了。

12. 我喜欢吃披萨。

13. 如何削减经费是一个大问题。

14. 问题是该在哪里搭建帐篷。

15. 我不知道该笑或生气。

3.2 形容词用法

16. 艾米是唯一记住我生日的人。

17. 在日本我没有机会讲英文。

18. 我有双亲要照料。

19. 我想用刀子切东西。

20. 我正在找人帮助我。

21. 你有任何可以写字的东西吗？

3.3 副词用法

22. 他去德国学音乐。

23. 窗户打开保持空气流通。

24. 看到这一幕我很震惊。

25. 看到它我们不禁笑了。

26. 他半夜醒来看见他悄悄走出房间。

27. 我们被分开再也无法见到彼此。

28. 警察赶到那栋房子结果只发现它已经空无一人。

29. 听他在电话中的声音，你会以为他是他哥哥。

30. 如果我能去听音乐会，我什么都可以给你。

31. 诗很难翻译。

32. 这规则很容易记。

33. 我们很容易犯错。

34. 我愿意帮助你。

35. ⭐️他对任何事情都极易怀疑。

36. 我很乐意和你同行。

37. 他渴望见到你。

38. 可能很快就要下雨。

39. 他急着想要出国。

40. 她好心让位给我。

41. 我有足够的收入可以养你。

42. 这张床对我来说太小无法睡。

43. 我非常乐意帮你的忙。

44. ⭐️他不至于骄傲的无法向别人请教。

45. 他非常聪明不可能不懂这一理由。

46. 他气的说不出话来。

47. 我没有笨到去相信他。

3.4 S + V + O + to V

48. 我想要你说实话。

49. 我不期望她会缺席。

50. 请允许我介绍我的太太，麦兜。

51. 妈妈不允许她独自去看电影。

52. 我们认为他是诚实的。

53. 我认为这个想法可以实现。

54. 医生建议他戒烟。

55. 我说服他和我一起去。

3.5 S + V + O + V(原形不定词)

56. 我感觉到心脏跳的很厉害。

57. 我看见那位男孩将一块儿巧克力放进他口袋。

58. 警察看到小朋友过马路。

59. 那位妈妈让这个男孩关掉电视。

60. 老师让学生回家。

61. 我叫他修理收音机。

62. 你可以帮我搭帐篷吗？

63. 老师让学生们再试一次。

3.6 S + V + it + C + to V 

64. 她发现要了解他是不可能的。

65. 我认为说谎是不对的。

66. 我认为弄丢手表是你太粗心。

67. 他习惯早睡早起。

3.7 seem(happen, appear, prove…) + to V 

68. 我的狗似乎了解我说的话。

69. 小孩似乎很喜欢他们的礼物。

70. 我碰巧在车站遇见我的一位朋友。

71. 那谣言证明是真的。

72. 你会变得喜欢这小镇。

3.8 be + to V

73. 会议预定星期三举行。

74. 规则必须遵守。

75. 你应该尽早出发。

76. 天上看不到一朵云。

77. 街上毫无人影。

78. 他再也没有看见他的妻子和家人了。

79. 如果你想要成功，你必须更加努力。

3.9 不定词的被动语态、进行时、完成式不定词

80. 我喜欢教人/我喜欢被人教。

81. 还有许多该处理的事/还有许多该被处理的事。

82. 他们似乎正在等我们。

83. 这小孩似乎生病了。

84. 这小孩似乎早就生病了。

85. 他似乎早就花掉那笔钱了。

86. 他们不可能还在罢工。

87. 那时候他母亲一定病的很重。

88. 你实在应该看看它。

89. 你应该要遵守约定。

90. 我打算写信给你，但是没写。

91. 我希望他帮我做这工作，但他没有。

3.10 特别注意的不定词用法

92. 如果你不想吃，你就不必吃。

93. A: 来我们家如何？
B: 如果不打扰的话我很愿意去。

94. 我希望完全忘掉我的过去。

95. 她下定决心绝不再回来。

96. 严格来说

97. 坦白说

98. 一开始

99. 老实说

100. 诚实说

101. 更糟的是

102. 的确

103. 简单扼要的说

104. ⭐️更不用说

105. 对 ~ 公平的评判

106. 保守的说

107. 奇怪的是

108. 毋庸置疑地

109. 可以说是

110. 即使不能说是

111. 一开始，我要跟你说说我的个性。

112. 天气很冷，更糟的是，天空又开始下起雨来。

113. 他会说法语和德语，更不用说英语了。

114. 说这样的话，即使不能说是疯狂，也是愚蠢的。

3.11 不定词的惯用表现

115. 我们最好别说。

116. 我宁愿和你去也不愿独自呆在这里。

117. 他整天什么都不做只是吃。

118. 她除了平静的生活其他什么都不想。

119. 当我听到这个消息，忍不住哭了起来。

120. 你只要遵从他的建议就行了。

121. 我父亲以前经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。

122. 我习惯熬夜。
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